Net of covariates, including gender, age, marital status, years of schooling, hukou type, income, and employment status, the serial mediation model in Table 4 indicates an overall positive association between tobacco dependence and chronic disease risk (total effect, STDYX=0.051
Quitting smoking triggers a chemical reprocessing of the brain, which has a transient impact on the circadian rhythm
But researchers say they are only beginning to understand the risks of e-cigarettes, which they think may damage the lungs and contribute to precancerous growths
Mohsenin, A
To ensure data quality, internal QC checks were embedded within the survey to identify contradictory or careless responses