Based on post-hoc analyses, the lower rates in the US are unlikely to reflect the higher costs of care in the US that may prevent people from seeking emergency medical treatment (cf., sDiscussion for more details, Supplement)
E-cigarette brands claim that these products are safe to use but its very unlikely
see Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and health 2021, A Coming of Age for Tobacco Control? May 2021, 13, [32] United States Government Accountability Office, Tobacco Taxes: Market Shifts toward Lower-Taxed Products Continue to Reduce Federal Revenue , June 2019,
In 1900, on a per-capita basis, American adults smoked approximately 54 cigarettes per year
This suggests that exclusions have had limited impact on credit pricing