The effects of e-cigarettes are still largely unknown, however, and they should not be considered healthy
From conventional tobacco cigarettes to modern devices like e-cigarettes, heated tobacco, and oral pouches, the effects of nicotine on the vasculature are consistent, harmful, predictable, and preventable
In cases where the final product is powder form, the barks will be ground into a fine powder
Survey piloting took place to determine words that do not translate particularly well, words that are ambiguous, and whether or not another word or phrase would work better, and further, to confirm if the survey items were clearly presented
Gamma ( ) quantifies the estimated between-study heterogeneity of included observations