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Products must be under supervision of sales clerk(s) or in sight of the sales clerk.7,8 Establishments are required to post signs stating that sales to underage consumers are prohibited.7,8 The sale of nicotine dispensing devices, including e-cigarettes, to underage persons is prohibited.7,8 Underage persons are prohibited from possessing nicotine dispensing devices, including e-cigarettes.10 Delivery sales of nicotine products require certification from consumer, verification of certification by retailer, notification of consumer of purchase age restriction, confirmation of shipment to consumer by telephone and use of a delivery service that will verify the age of person accepting delivery

We used the MR Egger intercept test 87 , Cochran Q heterogeneity test 88 , and multivariable extensions thereof, to evaluate heterogeneity in instrument effects, as heterogeneity may indicate violations of IV assumptions 86,87,89

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While many states and localities have enacted or are pursuing policies to increase the price of tobacco products, many have not