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Discussion Understanding how nicotine affects decision-making has been challenging, because two different physiological aspects need to be distinguished 41 : (i) nicotine as a reinforcer that directly activates the dopaminergic system to produce reinforcement and nicotine-seeking, and (ii) nicotine as a neuromodulator that alters nicotine-independent decision-making processes by modifying the dynamics and computational properties of cholinoceptive circuits
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To what extent can e-cigarettes be used to help people give up smoking and limit its harmful effects
Future survey tools should also consider validity methods such as construct and convergent, which were not tested in the current study
SPOILER ALERT: This article contains details of the Slow Horses season finale
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