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For lung cancer, findings remain mixed: Large case-control work from Los Angeles reported no association after adjusting for tobacco (8), whereas a New Zealand study suggested an exposure-response increase in risk per joint-year despite adjustment (84)
Previously, investigators have observed increase in IL-6 and TNF- 42 , and others have shown a decrease in TNF-, IL-6 and MCP1, but an increase in IL-8 43 following aerosolized e-liquid exposure in human alveolar macrophages as well as in THP-1 cells
On the other hand, typical signs of underdosing are craving, irritability, anxiety, food craving with frequent snacks, insomnia and smoking despite NRT [19]
Breteler MH, Hilberink SR, Zeeman G, Lammers SM