on the other hand, ERS induces apoptosis through the activation of three up-stream signaling proteins: inositol requiring protein-1, activating transcription factor-6 and protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase
Specifically, L2-Cmu was engineered as a human/murine chimera (i.e., reverse chimeric antibody), such that the complementary-determining regions (CDRs) were engineered into a new framework in which the entirety of the variable regions are human and the constant regions are mouse
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In toxin-based models (MPTP or 6-OHDA), flavonoids prevent dopaminergic neuron dysfunction by preserving dopamine levels, reducing oxidative damage, and maintaining tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein expression (18)