These factors may be associated with increased smoking and tobacco usage rates amongst the LGBTQ+ community in fact, overall, sexual minorities are 1.5 to 2.5 times more likely to smoke cigarettes than heterosexual individuals (Truth Initiative, 2016)
The city of New Plymouth had approximately 84,400 residents in 2020 [37], accounting for 69% of the Taranaki population, and is essentially urban
P 75,000 women revealed a 13-fold higher incidence of lung cancer in individuals who currently smoke (HR 13.44, 95% CI 10.8016.75) and fourfold higher incidence in those who formerly smoked (HR 4.20, 95% CI 3.485.08) compared with those who had never smoked, but no increase was observed among never-smoking women with passive smoke exposure (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.521.49) 257
Pryor has shown that semiquinone free radicals are critically involved in causing DNA damage of a type that is not easily repaired and therefore may lead to mutation and cancer (7)
Chewing areca nut, betel quid, oral snuff, cigarette smoking and the risk of oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in South Asians: a multicentre casecontrol study
