HQ is the Hazard Quotient, EDI is the estimated Daily intake of each heavy metal, and RfD is the reference dose, which is the maximum daily exposure dose to a heavy metal where no non-cancer health effects are expected
Bivariate analysis using a 2 test revealed statistically significant relationships between the dependent variable (smoking status) and all of the independent variables, except for sex (Table 3)
Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis impacts multiple anatomical sites, including the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal system, driving disease progression through mechanisms such as immune modulation, chronic inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation
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Compare tobacco strength separately in our strongest TEREA flavors guide