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Markaki formulas: Risk of developing lung cancer in 6 years: Risk_6_years = 1.18203062 + 0.3157 sex - 1.985 [(age/100)] + 1.120 [log(pack_years)] - 0.040 (cig_per_day) - 0.2402 [log(quit_years)] - 1.7024 [log(BMI)] + 0.0807 [log(exposure)] + 0.4921 (cough) Risk of developing lung cancer in 16 years: Risk_16_years = 0.1205819 sex - 2.0020557 [(age/100)] + 1.1630181 [log(pack_years)] - 0.0295406 (cig_per_day) - 0.2407998 [log(quit_years)] - 1.2462656 [log(BMI)] + 0.1663201 [log(exposure)] + 0.4059355 (cough) where: sex Sex-dependent coefficient: the value is equal to 1 for males and 0 for females

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These challenges include: Style of use: People who smoke cannabis may inhalemore deeply Trusted Source National Institute on Drug Abuse Go to sourcebut smoke it less frequently than tobacco products

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The sum of cotinine and 3OH-cotinine might more comprehensively reflect nicotine uptake than single metabolites [25], but we found a slightly higher correlation with CPD for cotinine