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Excess DTT and imidazole were removed on a PD-10 desalting column (Merck), and the reduced proteins were eluted with 3.5 mL ice-cold assay buffer containing 100 mM Tris/HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0

Electrophile response element-mediated induction of the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter gene expression

This additional acetyl group allows L-carnitine to cross the blood-brain barrier, a natural barrier between the bloodstream and the central nervous system

Lysates were centrifuged at 16,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 C, and protein concentrations were quantified using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (71285-M, Sigma)

Currently, the diagnosis of AD dementia is based on clinical symptoms, cognition and daily functioning, and can be combined with determination of biomarker levels 5