Specifically, AX upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), key regulators of mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription, as well as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex proteins, resulting in increased mitochondrial DNA content and ATP production
Apoptosis Apoptosis is an extensively studied form of RCD that is orchestrated through the activation of caspases, protein cleavage, and the formation of apoptotic bodies
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534,535 Combination therapy, starting with a single agent and titrating to the maximum tolerated dose, may enhance efficacy when pain control is inadequate, with recent studies suggesting superior pain relief compared to monotherapy
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