Enhancement of Endogenous Antioxidant Defense Network Considering the clearance rate of ROS by endogenous antioxidant defense network is often much higher than that of exogenous antioxidants, increasing endogenous antioxidant levels is a promising antioxidant therapy [167]
Intracellular GSH concentrations typically range from 1 to 2 mmol/L in most cells, reaching up to 10 mmol/L in hepatocytes [6, 7]
(PubMed) Maalouf J, Barron J, Gunn JP, Yuan K, Perrine CG, Cogswell ME
Furthermore, a reduction in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by low dose H 2 O 2 , namely interferon- (IFN) and TNF, was found in both GO and control OFs treated with SeMCys ( Clinical Studies The first clinical, pilot study on antioxidants, showed an improvement of GO soft tissue involvement in patients treated with an antioxidant mixture containing allopurinol plus nicotinamide, compared with those given placebo ( Figure 2 )
Topical GHK-Cu is often applied once or twice daily on the skin or scalp