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Birch and Jess, 2020)

Vesicular and nanocarrier-based approaches, especially those employing liposomes, have shown significant promise in augmenting transdermal drug delivery by boosting drug stability, penetration, and release kinetics

Modulation is typically mild but significant in the setting of hyperprolactinemia

Studies have shown that AMPK upregulates fatty acid oxidation genes (e.g., carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR)) and downregulates synthesis genes (e.g., fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c)) [67]

However, there is now a substantial literature of genetic association studies of UA-related genes and PD