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For instance, it has been shown that psychological stress leads to HPA-dependent monocyte-mediated exacerbation of gut inflammation (246, 247), and can alter the composition of the microbiota (248), a phenomenon possibly due to the presence of neurotransmitter receptors on bacteria (245)

This indicates that the observed associations are not driven by demographic imbalance and that residual confounding or collider bias related to age and sex is unlikely to explain the results

Intestinal permeability in disorders of gut-brain interaction: from bench to bedside

Afzelin showed strong anti-oxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging experiment (Kim et al., 2008)

All of the above properties have been observed in laboratory tests that have not been performed on humans are for reference only