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This plays a crucial role in regulating the basal expression and antioxidant induction of NQO1 and other detoxification genes [41]

This theory implies that MFs can act as cellular messengers, eliciting physiological responses such as changes in cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, gene expression, protein synthesis, enzymatic activity, and ion homeostasis (Kashani et al., 2023

Human data are still limited, and long-term safety is unknown

These signals support biologic plausibility and justify further translational investigation, but do not establish clinical benefit

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