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We used a random-effects model to pool data and quantified heterogeneity ( I 2 )

It occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lungs, often leading to symptoms like a persistent cough, shortness of breath, and unexplained weight loss

"To receive marketing authorizations, the FDA must have sufficient evidence that the new products offer greater benefits to population health than risks," Matthew Farrelly, director of the Office of Science in the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products, said in a statement

But as more and more people use them, studies are piling up to suggest vaping might carry serious side effects for the heart, lungs, and developing brain

Most useful for analyzing data generated by a series of open-ended questions in a standardized questionnaire survey