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In this paper, we review this heterogeneity (in terms of e-cigarette products, biological models, and exposure conditions) with a special focus on the wide disparity in the doses used as well as in the way they are expressed

Heterogeneity of biological models While human clinical studies are available, the vast majority of studies aiming at investigating potential toxic effects of e-cigarettes use preclinical models such as cell culture and animal models [7]

Explosions and burns have been reported with e-cigarettes while recharging the devices, due to defective batteries

The service uses text messages or Facebook Messenger chat to help with motivation to quit, setting a quit date, finding things to do instead of smoking, handling stress, using nicotine replacement if needed, and more

Smokers also face a higher chance of miscarriage compared to non-smokers