This dose is not readily comparable to the radiation protection limits since the latter deal with whole-body doses, while the dose from smoking is delivered to a very small portion of the body
It is, therefore, conceivable that the carcinogens taken within ETS can also cause OSCC in NSND, for which the mechanisms of formation with different lifestyle factors are still largely unknown, and furthermore, the carcinogens can increase the risk of OSCC in active smokers 15,28
Public-health authorities in England, Canada, and New Zealand endorse and promote vaping as a harm-reduction strategy for smokers
Final Thoughts on Enjoying Hookah Responsibly Responsibly enjoying the hookah means being aware of the wide range of side effects that could be incurred and taking cautionary measures to prevent them at the same time
Our results are consistent with several studies internationally that report different smoking-mortality RR associations by social group including by ethnicity 15 , sex 8 and country 21