in vitro , decreased cytochrome oxidase activity, increased ROS generation and impaired mitochondrial reducing capacity ( via ER stress (Webber et al., 2006)
The execution of ferroptosis involves complex regulation of multiple metabolic pathways (Figure 1), including disruptions in iron homeostasis, abnormalities in amino acid antioxidant systems, and the accumulation of lipid peroxides (Zheng et al., 2025
minerals such as manganese, magnesium, and zinc, along with powerful protective antioxidants like vitamin C and glutathione
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