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Endogenous substances found within cells can be categorized into enzymatic antioxidants, which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalases (CAT), and peroxidases, or non-enzymatic antioxidants, which encompass tocopherol, glutathione, and ascorbic acid ( 2 - ) into less reactive molecules, specifically O2 and H 2 O 2 ( 2 O 2 into water ( 2.6 Activation of inflammatory pathways The two main transcription factors that control cellular reactions to oxidative stress and inflammation are nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-B (NF-B) ( 2.6.1 Nrf2 signaling Nrf2 is a crucial transcription factor that plays a significant role in preserving mucosal balance by inhibiting the excessive production of ROS in IBD.Nrf2 has a dampening effect on the inflammatory response and the damage to the mucosal lining through its antioxidant actions ( Figure 2 ) ( IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS , and COX-2 , and a decrease in the expression of antioxidant enzymes like hemeoxygenase-1 and GST Mu-1 ( Figure 2 2.6.2 NF-B signaling NF-B is a key regulator in many pathogenic processes and is abnormally active in IBD

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