7 While more research is needed to confirm potential links to other cancers, and results for bladder cancer have been inconsistent, a meta-analysis of 14 studies found that second-hand smoke exposure was linked to a 22% increase in bladder cancer risk
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Non-combusted cigarettes may help reduce the risk of tobacco-related harms for adult smokers who switch completely from combusted cigarettes, but all tobacco products can lead to nicotine addiction and contain toxic, cancer-causing chemicals that can cause serious health problems.
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APPENDIX 2 Task Force members affiliations Giuseppe Mancia (Chairperson) 1 , Robert Fagard (Chairperson) 2 , Krzysztof Narkiewicz (Section Co-ordinator) 3 , Josep Redn (Section Co- ordinator) 4 , Alberto Zanchetti (Section Co-ordinator) 5 , Michael Bhm 6 , Thierry Christiaens 7 , Renata Cifkova 8 , Guy De Backer 9 , Anna Dominic- zak 10 , Maurizio Galderisi 11 , Diederick E