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doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104665

A 2022 study in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Sikiric et al.) found BPC-157 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF- and IL-6 while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), creating a balanced immune response rather than simply suppressing immunity

This route-independence of activity has been characterised as a defining feature of BPC-157s pharmacological profile and has important implications for research design

However, its important to understand the current state of research and regulatory status

Without adequate circulation, the injured tissue cannot receive the oxygen and nutrients necessary for repair, nor can it efficiently remove metabolic waste products