At present, most of the research is based on animal models and in vitro experiments, and a few pharmacological effects have been clinically confirmed, especially the hypoglycemic effect of catalpol has been verified in the endocrine field, catalpol tablets have entered the phase 2 clinical study (CTR20220555) in China, aiming at evaluating the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of catalpol tablets in patients with type 2 diabetes, small molecular monomer drugs have begun to face the clinic with suitable dosage forms
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Expression of the GLP-1 Receptor The GLP-1 receptors are expressed in multiple organs including the stomach [60], heart [61], lung [62,63,64,65,66], and kidney [61, 67]
HK2 upregulation induces H3K18la, which promotes glycolysis and M1 polarization of liver macrophages by enriching glycolytic gene transcription in MASLD patients and mouse models, thereby establishing a positive feedback loop that exacerbates MASLD
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