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Abbreviations TT: Testicular torsion I/R: Ischemiareperfusion IR-I: Ischemiareperfusion injury PRP: Platelet-rich plasma PC: Post-conditioning LT: Left testis i.t: Intratesticular i.p: Intraperitoneally MDA: Malondialdehyde CAT: Catalase GSH: Reduced glutathione eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase HSP70: Heat shock protein 70 VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha IL-6: Interleukin-6 NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein ROS: Reactive oxygen species PAS: Periodic acidSchiff H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin Hb: Hemoglobin RBCs: Red blood cells HCT (PCV): Hematocrit (packed cell volume) MCV: Mean corpuscular volume MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration References Akhigbe, R

Smoking and alcohol These can deplete glutathione levels , reducing effectiveness

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I find it helps to give a long breath out as I am inserting the needle

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