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The gradient effect was much less pronounced among the lower-income classifications, although individuals in the middle (those with annual incomes between 200 and 299 percent of the poverty level) income category were less likely to be current smokers than those in the poor and near-poor categories

This led to the volunteers develop a conditioned fear response, where they expect an electric shock with certain symbols and measured their fear levels through changes in the sweat levels on their skin

PMID 25557889

Its also referred to as a CVV number on occasion

It comprises a reusable section with a rechargeable 650 mAh battery and actuation button, and a disposable cartridge with integral mouthpiece