MOTS-c complements this by improving how the body uses glucose and energy
Key pathophysiologic mechanisms include: Mucosal barrier dysfunction: Impaired epithelial tight junctions allow bacterial translocation, triggering innate immune activation T-helper cell dysregulation: Predominantly Th1 and Th17 pathways drive chronic inflammation via TNF-, IL-12, IL-23 the basis for biologic therapy targets Transmural inflammation: Unlike UC (mucosal only), CD involves all layers: mucosa submucosa muscularis propria serosa Granuloma formation: Non-caseating granulomas are pathognomonic but present in only ~3050% of biopsies Fibrosis and stricture: Chronic inflammation activates myofibroblasts collagen deposition luminal narrowing obstructive symptoms Fistula formation: Transmural ulcers penetrate serosa form sinus tracts connect to adjacent bowel, bladder, vagina, or skin 7
Treats deficiency quickly For vitamin B12 deficiency, injections work much faster than oral supplements to raise levels
Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis, a fundamental process for cell growth and function
Second, it stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promoting the formation of new blood vessels around damaged tissue
